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Hybrid Vehicles
A hybrid vehicle uses two or more distinct types of
power, such as internal combustion engine+electric motor. As a example present
most of hybrid vehicles are using diesel
engine and electric battery power as the power sources. Other means to store
energy include pressurized fluid.
How hybrid vehicles works
Hybrids-Electric
vehicles (HEVs) combine the advantage of gasoline engines and electric motors. The key
areas for efficiency or performance gains are regenerative braking, dual power
sources, and less idling.
·
Regenerate Braking. The drive
train can be used to convert kinetic energy (from the moving car) into stored
electrical energy (batteries). The same electric motor that powers the drive
train is used to resist the motion of the drive train. This applied resistance
from the electric motor causes the wheel to slow down and simultaneously
recharge the batteries.
·
Dual Power. Power can
come from either the engine, motor or both depending on driving circumstances.
Additional power to assist the engine in accelerating or climbing might be
provided by the electric motor. Or more commonly, a smaller electric motor
provides all of the power for low-speed driving conditions and is augmented by
the engine at higher speeds.
·
Automatic Start/Shutoff. It
automatically shuts off the engine when the vehicle comes to a stop and
restarts it when the accelerator is pressed down. This automation is much
simpler with an electric motor. Also see dual power above.
Types of a hybrid vehicles
Parallel hybrid
In a parallel hybrid
vehicle an electric motor and an internal combustion engine are coupled such
that they can power the vehicle either individually or together. In parallel
hybrid vehicles most commonly the internal combustion engine, the electric
motor and gear box are coupled by automatically controlled clutches. For
electric driving the clutch between the internal combustion engine is open
while the clutch to the gear box is engaged. While in combustion mode the
engine and motor run at the same speed. The using mode of these power sources
are depending on the way of driving.
Mild parallel hybrid
These types use a generally compact electric
motor, usually about 20KW or higher, to provide auto-stop/start features and to
provide extra power assist during
the acceleration, and to generate on the deceleration phase. As a example when
you are driving it provides power and when you are driving in neutral gear the
car regenerates the electric power from car wheels.
Power-split or series-parallel hybrid
In a power-split hybrid electric drive train there are two motors: an
electric motor and an internal combustion engine. The power from these two
motors can be shared to drive the wheels via a power splitter, which is a
simple plantery
gear set.
The ratio can be from 100% for the combustion engine to 100% for the electric
motor, or anything in between, such as 40% for the electric motor and 60% for
the combustion engine. The combustion engine can act as a generator charging
the batteries. On the open road, the primary power source is the internal
combustion engine. When maximum power is required, for example to overtake, the
electric motor is used to assist. This increases the available power for a
short period, giving the effect of having a larger engine than actually
installed. In most applications, the combustion engine is switched off when the
car is slow or stationary reducing curb side emissions.
Series hybrid
A series- or
serial-hybrid vehicle is driven
by an electric motor, functioning as an electric vehicle while the battery pack
energy supply is sufficient, with an engine tuned for running as a generator
when the battery pack is insufficient. There is no mechanical connection
between the engine and the wheels, and the purpose of the range extender is to
charge the battery. When describing cars, the battery of a series hybrid is
usually charged by being plugged in - but technically a series-hybrid allows
for a battery to only act as a buffer (and for regeneration purposes), and for
the electric motor's power to be supplied constantly by the supporting engine.
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV)
Another subtype of hybrid vehicles is the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle(PHEV). The plug-in hybrid is usually a general fuel-electric
(parallel or serial) hybrid with increased energy storage capacity, usually
through a Li-ion battery, which allows
the vehicle to drive on all electric mode a
distance that depends on the battery size and its mechanical layout (series or
parallel). It may be connected to mains electricity supply at the end of the
journey to avoid charging using the on-board internal combustion engine. For
some users, this type of vehicle may also be financially attractive so long as
the electrical energy being used is cheaper than the petrol/diesel that they
would have otherwise used. Current tax systems in many European countries use
mineral oil taxation as a major income source. This is generally not the case
for electricity, which is taxed uniformly for the domestic customer, however
that person uses it. Some electricity suppliers also offer price benefits for
off-peak night users, which may further increase the attractiveness of the
plug-in option for commuters and urban motorists
Charging
The optimum charging window for
Lithium ion batteries is 3-4.2 V. Recharging with a 120 volt household outlet
takes several hours, a 240 volt charger takes 1–4 hours, and a quick charge
takes approximately 30 minutes to achieve 80% charge. 3 important factors-distance
on charge, cost of charging, and time to charge. In order for the hybrid to run on
electrical power, the car must perform the action of braking in order to
generate some electricity. The electricity then gets discharged most
effectively when the car accelerates or climbs up an incline. In 2014, hybrid
electric car batteries can run on solely electricity for 70–130 miles on a
single charge. Hybrid battery capacity currently ranges from 4.4 kWh to 85 kWh
on a fully electric car. On a hybrid car, the battery packs currently range
from 0.6 kWh to 2.4 kWh representing a large difference in use of electricity
in hybrid cars.
Hybrid vehicle emissions
Hybrid vehicle emissions today
are getting close to or even lower than the recommended level set by the EPA
(Environmental Protection Agency). The recommended levels they suggest for a
typical passenger vehicle should be equated to 5.5 metric tons of carbon
dioxide. The three most popular hybrid vehicles, Honda Civic, Honda Insight and Toyota
Prius, set the standards even higher by producing 4.1, 3.5, and 3.5 tons
showing a major improvement in carbon dioxide emissions. Hybrid vehicles can
reduce air emissions of smog-forming pollutants by up to 90% and cut carbon
dioxide emissions in half. More fossil fuel is needed to build hybrid vehicles
than a conventional cars but reduced emissions when running the vehicle more
than outweigh this.
Thank you for reading..
Please leave a comment..
The concept of hybrid vehicle rapidly increases in automobile world market; people are getting suitable facilities such as, less vehicle emission issues, noise pollution, chargeable batteries and many others. Most probably hybrid vehicles are really helpful for environment purpose, but due to lack of efficient features, it won't be popular as much expected. So, its better to add some advanced features to improve its performance.
ReplyDeleteMercedes specialist Indian Trail, NC
We need more Hybrid Vehicle like this. Electricity Distribution Company
ReplyDelete